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Numerous other Scientologist-run companies and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has actually obtained some reliability as a religious beliefs in lots of countries, Scientology has actually likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field people it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business try this web-site and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had initially demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential transition group soliciting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed recommended you read the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unprecedented. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive methods in attending to those it sees as trying to suppress them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.